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Writer's pictureAku Energija

Razumevanje delovanja akupunkture v znanosti

Ta članek ponuja znanstveni pogled na mehanizme akupunkture. Tradicionalna kitajska medicina pripisuje učinke akupunkture ravnovesju pretoka energije (qi) po meridianih v telesu. Številni znanstveniki poskušajo ta starodavni koncept razumeti s sodobnim znanstvenim pristopom. [Preberi več: Kakšna je razlika med suhim iglanjem in akupunkturo tradicionalne kitajske medicine?]

Akupunktura je terapevtska tehnika, ki vključuje vstavljanje tankih igel v določene točke na telesu ter uporabo mehanske ali električne stimulacije. Čeprav praksa izvira iz tradicionalne kitajske medicine (TKM), sodobne raziskave njen mehanizem preučujejo prek koncepta, imenovanega nevronska akupunkturna enota (NAU).

  • NAU niso same akupunkturne točke, temveč skupek aktiviranih živčnih in nevroaktivnih komponent, vključno z živci, mišicami in vezivnimi tkivi, ki obdajajo vstavljeno iglo.

  • Akupunkturne točke, tradicionalno opredeljene v TKM, služijo kot anatomski in energetski mejniki, ki označujejo območja, kjer lahko NAU vsebujejo večjo gostoto teh komponent.

Lokalne reakcije sprožijo obsežne učinke

Akupunkturna stimulacija sproži biokemične in biofizikalne reakcije v NAU in generira signale, ki potujejo do osrednjega živčnega sistema.

  • Biokemijske reakcije:

  • Biofizikalne reakcije:

    • Mehanska manipulacija z iglo, kot sta zvijanje ali vrtenje, ustvarja pritisk in deformacijo tkiva.

    • To aktivira mehanoreceptorje v NAU, pri čemer učinki segajo onkraj mesta vboda (oddaljeni učinek).

    • Različne manualne tehnike imajo različne oddaljene učinke na različne vrste mehanoreceptorjev.

Potovanje po nevronskih poteh

Signali, ki nastanejo v NAU, se v možgane prenašajo po več poteh, med drugim po:

  • Spinotalamičnem in spinoretikularnem traktu: po teh poteh se prenašajo predvsem signali, povezani s poškodbo tkiva in bolečino.

  • Dorzalni steber - medialni lemniskus (DCML) traktu: ta pot naj bi prenašala predvsem signale iz mehanoreceptorjev.

  • Trigeminalni senzorični poti: ta pot prenaša signale z obraza in čela ter je tesno povezana s področji možganskega debla, ki sodelujejo pri uravnavanju občutkov, čustev in visceralnih funkcij. [Preberi več: Jin jang filozofija in duševno zdravje]

Odzivi možganov in terapevtski učinki

Dokazano je, da stimulacija z akupunkturo:

  • Izzove obsežno možgansko aktivnost: Nevroslikovne študije kažejo, da akupunktura modulira aktivnost v različnih kortikalnih, limbičnih, subkortikalnih in možganskih področjih.

  • Proizvaja učinke, specifične glede na frekvenco: Različne frekvence električne stimulacije aktivirajo različne vrste živčnih vlaken in povzročajo specifične nevrokemične odzive, kar pojasnjuje razlike v analgetičnih učinkih.

  • Normalizira možgansko aktivnost pri patoloških stanjih: Akupunktura lahko obrne nenormalno možgansko aktivnost, opaženo pri kronični bolečini, možganski kapi, Parkinsonovi bolezni, depresiji in odvisnosti, kar je pogosto povezano s kliničnim izboljšanjem.

  • Uravnava aktivnost avtonomnega živčnega sistema: Akupunktura lahko vpliva na ravnovesje simpatične in parasimpatične aktivnosti, kar vpliva na visceralne funkcije in prispeva k zdravljenju prebavnih motenj, hipertenzije in astme.

Vzpostavitev ravnovesja za dobro počutje

Učinki akupunkture so verjetno posledica zapletenega prepletanja lokalnih in centralnih mehanizmov. Koncept NAU ponuja okvir za razumevanje, kako lahko stimulacija določenih točk na telesu sproži obsežne odzive, ki lahko ponovno vzpostavijo ravnovesje in spodbujajo dobro počutje.


Vir: Zhang ZJ, Wang XM, McAlonan GM. Neural acupuncture unit: a new concept for interpreting effects and mechanisms of acupuncture. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:429412. doi: 10.1155/2012/429412. Epub 2012 Mar 8. PMID: 22474503; PMCID: PMC3310280.

 

Understanding How Acupuncture Works In Science

The article provides a scientific perspective on acupuncture mechanisms. Traditional Chinese Medicine attributes acupuncture's effects to the balance of energy flow (Qi) along meridians in the body. Many scientists are trying to understand this ancient concept with a modern scientific approach.  [Read more: What is the difference between dry needling and Traditional Chinese Medicine Acupuncture?]

Acupuncture is a therapeutic technique that involves inserting thin needles into specific points on the body and applying mechanical or electrical stimulation. While the practice has roots in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), modern research is exploring its mechanisms through a concept called the Neural Acupuncture Unit (NAU).

  • NAUs are not the acupoints themselves, but rather a collection of activated neural and neuroactive components, including nerves, muscles, and connective tissues, surrounding the inserted needle.

  • Acupoints, traditionally defined in TCM, serve as anatomical and energetic landmarks indicating areas where NAUs may contain a higher density of these components.

Local Reactions Trigger Widespread Effects

Acupuncture stimulation triggers both biochemical and biophysical reactions in NAUs, generating signals that travel to the central nervous system.

  • Biochemical Reactions:

    • Needle insertion causes minimal tissue injury, leading to the release of inflammatory and immune mediators. [Read more: How to Reduce and Prevent Inflammation] [Read more: Strengthen your Wei Qi for better immunity] 

    • This activates a robust axon reflex, causing vasodilation and the release of neuroactive mediators.

    • These mediators interact with receptors on nerve terminals, modulating pain signals.

    • Acupuncture predominantly enhances inhibitory mediators, contributing to pain relief.

    • The electrical properties of acupoints, often measured in research, are influenced by these mediators.

  • Biophysical Reactions:

    • Mechanical manipulation of the needle, such as twisting or rotating, creates pressure and tissue distortion.

    • This activates mechanoreceptors in NAUs, with effects extending beyond the needling point (distant effect).

    • Different manual techniques have varying distant effects on different types of mechanoreceptors.

Traveling Along Neural Pathways

The signals generated in NAUs are transmitted to the brain through multiple pathways, including:

  • Spinothalamic and Spinoreticular Tracts: These pathways primarily carry signals related to tissue injury and pain.

  • Dorsal Column-Medial Lemniscus Tract: This pathway is thought to mainly transmit signals from mechanoreceptors.

  • Trigeminal Sensory Pathway: This pathway carries signals from the face and forehead and has close connections to brainstem areas involved in regulating sensation, emotion, and visceral functions. [Read more: Yin Yang philosophy and mental health]

Brain Responses and Therapeutic Effects

Acupuncture stimulation has been shown to:

  • Elicit Widespread Brain Activity: Neuroimaging studies show that acupuncture modulates activity in various cortical, limbic, subcortical, and brainstem areas.

  • Produce Frequency-Specific Effects: Different frequencies of electrical stimulation activate different types of nerve fibers and lead to distinct neurochemical responses, explaining variations in analgesic effects.

  • Normalize Brain Activity in Pathological Conditions: Acupuncture can reverse abnormal brain activity seen in chronic pain, stroke, Parkinson's disease, depression, and addiction, often correlating with clinical improvement.

  • Regulate Autonomic Nervous System Activity: Acupuncture can influence the balance of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity, impacting visceral functions and contributing to the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, hypertension, and asthma.

Restoring Balance for Well-being

Acupuncture's effects likely stem from a complex interplay of local and central mechanisms. The NAU concept offers a framework for understanding how stimulating specific points on the body can trigger widespread responses, potentially restoring balance and promoting well-being.


Reference: Zhang ZJ, Wang XM, McAlonan GM. Neural acupuncture unit: a new concept for interpreting effects and mechanisms of acupuncture. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. 2012;2012:429412. doi: 10.1155/2012/429412. Epub 2012 Mar 8. PMID: 22474503; PMCID: PMC3310280.


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